19e80d22-68e6-4609-8927-41c7a6f8384b
eng
utf8
dataset
Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs
open@defra.gov.uk
pointOfContact
2019-03-21
Gemini
2.2
http://www.opengis.net/def/crs/EPSG/0/27700
Health risks of bathing waters: Links between gastrointestinal illness and marine bathing
WT1530
2014-08-31
creation
2014-08-31
revision
17f1f7c2-0c92-4ec1-86ea-b4d67dbeb2cf
The 2006/7/EC European Bathing Directive stipulates water quality classification standards for recreational bathing waters based on specified limits for Faecal Indicator Organisms (FIOs). Presence of FIOs above the limits is considered to be indicative of poor water quality and to present a risk to bathers’ health. The health risks most closely associated with bathing are faecal-oral diseases which cause gastrointestinal illnesses (GI) such as diarrhoea and vomiting.
The European Bathing Directive is due to be reviewed in 2020. Defra commissioned this rapid evidence assessment (REA) on recreational bathing waters and GI to identify the extent of the literature published since the previous review (the 2006/7 standards were based, in part, on World Health Organization (WHO) evidence published in 2003), and to determine whether there is any new evidence which may indicate whether or not a revision to the Directive would be justified.
Data was identified and extracted from 21 relevant papers (from 16 studies) published since 2003; 12 were conducted in marine waters and four were conducted in freshwater. Considerable heterogeneity existed between study protocols and the majority had significant methodological limitations, including self-selection and misclassification biases. Moreover, there was limited variation in water quality between studies. In particular, few studies were conducted in ‘poor’ water quality, and none were conducted in ‘sufficient’ water, thus providing a limited evidence base in which to assess the classification standards. Attribution statement:
Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs
open@defra.gov.uk
https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/department-for-environment-food-rural-affairs
Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs Website
pointOfContact
asNeeded
OpenData
theme
access to the sea
theme
GEMET - Concepts, version 2.4
2010-01-13
publication
geonetwork.thesaurus.external.theme.gemet
Open Government Licence
otherRestrictions
license
copyright
There are no public access constraints to this data. Use of this data is subject to the licence identified.
vector
eng
utf8
environment
true
-5.7
1.8
50
55.8
true
http://data.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/doc/country/england
1984-01-01
2014-08-01
Open format | Portable Document Format - Standardized (PDF)
11
http://randd.defra.gov.uk/Default.aspx?Menu=Menu&Module=More&Location=None&ProjectID=18942&FromSearch=Y&Publisher=1&SearchText=WT1530&SortString=ProjectCode&SortOrder=Asc&Paging=10#Description
http
Bathing waters – rapid evidence review on the health risks of bathing waters. Final report held on Gov.UK.
dataset
NonGeographicDataset
Defra and the Environment Agency monitor 416 bathing waters under the Bathing Waters Directive (2006/6/EC) annually.
The Bathing Water Directive is due to be reviewed in 2020.